The Indian National Army

The Indian National Army (INA) holds a significant place in both India’s struggle for independence and Singapore’s wartime history, as well as in the annals of Tamil life in Singapore. Formed in 1942 in Japanese-occupied Singapore, following the British surrender in Southeast Asia, the INA was composed largely of Indian soldiers captured as prisoners of war from the British Indian Army. The formation of the INA with Japanese support marked a turning point in the region’s wartime experience, as Singapore became a key centre for INA recruitment, propaganda, and military planning. While some joined the INA voluntarily, others were encouraged or coerced into service, united by the goal of ending British colonial rule in India. Singapore's Indian community, mostly Tamils, played a central role in supporting the INA’s cause -- through enlistment, logistical assistance, and local networks of solidarity. 

Initially led by Captain Mohan Singh, the INA gained momentum under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose, a prominent Indian nationalist who assumed command in 1943. Bose’s arrival in Singapore was met with widespread support from the local Indian population, and his speeches and initiatives inspired many to contribute to the movement. Under his leadership, the INA became a symbol of resistance and hope for freedom for both India and Singapore. He was also instrumental in setting up the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, the first women’s wing of INA. It was led by Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan, a migrant from Chennai. Bose also appointed her Minister in Charge of the Women's Organisation in the Provisional Government of Free India in Singapore. Tamils in Singapore and across Southeast Asia made significant contributions to the INA not only as soldiers but also as medics, communications officers, and administrators. Many endured harsh battle conditions in Burma, and numerous Tamil lives were lost in the struggle. Their sacrifices remain an enduring part of the Tamil diaspora’s shared history and are remembered with deep respect in India, Singapore and parts of Southeast Asia. To honour the bravery and sacrifice of the INA soldiers, it was decided to build a memorial at the Esplanade, and Bose laid the foundation stone on 8July 1945. However, following the Japanese defeat and the return of British rule, the monument was demolished barely two months after its installation.

In 1995, on the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II, a commemorative marker was installed at the original site in Esplanade Park. Now known as the INA Monument, it serves as a lasting tribute to the INA’s legacy and its connection to Singapore’s wartime past. Today, the INA Monument is a significant historical landmark in Singapore. It not only commemorates the broader movement for Indian independence but also recognises Singapore’s role in this history and the critical contributions of the Tamil community. The monument stands as a symbol of shared sacrifice, transnational solidarity, and the enduring spirit of freedom.

For More Information
“Indian National Army Memorial.” Roots.sg. Accessed on 1 August 2025. https://www.roots.gov.sg/places/places-landing/Places/historic-sites/indian-national-army-memorial
Tay, Lionel. “Indian National Army Monument, 1995: close-up,” National Library Board, 29 June 2007. https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/image-detail?cmsuuid=74e12473-497f-4d24-8e0d-175f59d99a82 
“INA Monument Connect Singapore with Subhas Chandra Bose.” Deccan Herald, 22 November 2019. https://www.deccanherald.com/world/ina-monument-connect-singapore-with-subhas-chandra-bose-778849.html

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The information in this article is valid as of August 2025 and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources. It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject. If you have any feedback on this article, please submit here.