The Muslims have a scientific past in accordance with the commandments of the Holy Book and the Prophet of Allah. It is their religious duty to strive for a scientific future. He talks of the present and the future and poses the following question to contemporary Muslims: "The 20th century has been a century of great synthesis in science — the syntheses represented by quantum theory, relativity and unification theories in physics, by the Big Bang idea in cosmology...these frontiers of science are being conquered by the Europeans. Do you not feel as passionately as I do that our men in Arab-Islamic lands should also be in the vanguard of making these conquests". The renaissance of sciences within an Islamic and Arab Commonwealth, according to Salam, is contingent upon five cardinal preconditions: "passionate commitment, generous patronage, provision of security, self-governance and internationalization of the scientific enterprise".