These conference papers discussed the causes and cure for typhoid. Some of the newer approaches of biochemistry, immunology and molecular biology and many significant advances have been made in the past decade to help in the prevention and cure for typhoid. Other factors discussed include increased urbanization, unsatisfactory water supply, emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, problems in the identification and management of carriers, delays in definitive diagnosis, incomplete understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms and virulence factors, and the unavailability of a universally effective, safe and cheap vaccine.