In this text, Che Man examines ethnic nationalist movements among the Muslims of southern Philippines and southern Thailand. He traces the historical and cultural roots of the movements and examines the way in which Islam served as a unifying force, defining Moro and Malay ethnic identity. He also describes the domestic and external factors which served to stimulate the emergence of the separatist movements at a point of time and to influence the course of the separatist struggles in the two countries. On the basis of extensive field-work in both Thailand and the Philippines, Che Man analyses the internal dynamics of the two movements and relates this to the issue of leadership in Moro and Malay society.